History of Measurement
Civil Service Examinations
Chinese Civil Service Examinations
2200 B.C. Chinese emperors examined their key officials every 3 yrs.
Examples include:
|
1115
B.C. |
Test
competency in 6 arts (writing, arithmetic, music, archery, horsemanship,
and ceremonial rites) |
|
202
B.C.-200 |
Competency
in 5 domains (agriculture, civil law, military affairs, revenue, and
geography of the empire) |
|
1300
|
3
exams in 3 years. |
History is depicted in China's Examination Hell, 1976
French
and British civil service examination
|
16th-century
|
Europe
began examination |
|
1850
|
British
followed |
U.S.
Civil Service Examination
|
1868
|
Attempts
made by Senator Charles Sumner of MA and representative Thomas Jenckes of
RI |
|
1871-75
|
President
U.S. Grant establish a civil service board |
|
1883
|
A
Civil Service Commission was formerly established |
University examination
Oral
exams
|
Middle
Ages |
Oral
examinations by European Universities |
|
1219
|
Law
school of Bologna had oral exams |
|
1827
|
Sorbonne
University |
|
1636
|
Oxford
(oral exams for B.A. and M.A.) |
Written
exams
|
mid-1400
|
Louvain University rigorosi
(honors), transibiles (satisfactory), gratiosi (charity passes), and
failures. |
|
1540
|
St.
Ignatius of Loyola (placement and evaluation tests). |
|
1803
|
Oxford
introduced written exams which have been introduced at Cambridge some
years earlier. |