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CHARTing Health Information for Texas-->Glossary Census
terms Need to find a Census Tract? This handout can help you: Finding Data from the US Census Bureau. Go to American Factfinder maps to find your Census tract. Determinants of health can include:
(From World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/) Diagnosis Related Group (DRG): A classification system that groups patients according to diagnosis, type of treatment, age, and other relevant criteria. Under the prospective payment system, hospitals are paid a set fee for treating patients in a single DRG category, regardless of the actual cost of care for the individual. Geographic Information Systems As an example, let's say you have block-by-block crime data as well as income/poverty data down to the Census tract. With GIS, you could map both the crime data and the income/poverty data and display them individually. You could also create relationships between the crime and income/poverty data to display high crime/low income areas and vice versa. Any data that has a geographic variable attached to it-- zip code, Census tract, street address, county-- can be mapped but only down to the geographic level of the most complete data and providing confidentiality is not lost. Healthy
People 2010 (US Department of Health and Human Services)
Health
Disparities in Texas (Texas Department of State Health Services,
2003) ICD-9 & ICD-10: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used to code and classify diseases from death certificates. ICD-9 codes are numeric codes; ICD-10 are alpha-numberic. The most complete version of the ICD-9 can be found in the front pages of the reports for total deaths for each cause by 5-year age groups, also called the GMWK 1 (pdf, 2.4 MB) The World Health Organization has the complete ICD-10 online. A pdf version of the ICD-10-CM (Clinical Modification) can be found at the CDC. FIPS
lookup for states, counties, places, Metro areas, MMSAs, Urbanized areas,
Urban clusters, School Districts, and County subdivisions
(Missouri Census Data Center) States have a two-digit number [TX=48] while counties are given three-digit numeric codes. Each County Code is preceding by the corresponding two-digit State Code. For example, Uvalde would be 48463-- 48 is the state two-digit code for Texas and 463 is the three digit code for uvalde. Additional information can be found at the FIPS home page. Kessner Index (South Carolina Dept. of Health & Environmental Control): The Kessner Index is a measure of adequacy of prenatal care based on the month when prenatal care began (which trimester), gestational age, and the number of prenatal visits. Prenatal care is considered "adequate" if care begins in the first trimester with 9 or more visits over a 36 week or more pregnancy. Prenatal care is considered "intermediate" or includes 5 to 8 visits for a 36-week pregnancy. It is "inadequate" if it begins in the third trimester or includes 4 or fewer visits for a pregnancy of 34 or more weeks(Prenatal Care: Reaching Mothers, Reaching Infants. Institute of Medicine, 1988). TX Vital Statistics used to use the Kessner Index but stopped in 2003 or so. You may still see references to it in some of their documentation. Morbidity refers to illness Numerical descriptions of morbidity and mortality A comprehensive collection of Rates & Formulae can be found on a separate page. A brief definition of statistical types is given below. Count: Simplest measure; refers
to the raw number of cases of a disease or deaths. Proportion: Count relative to the size of the group;
requires a meaningful denominator Ratio: This is similar to a proportion in that
it is also a fraction. However, in a proportion, the numerator is
always part of the denominator. In the above example, there were
a total of 425 people, 250 of which were diagnosed with Norwalk virus.
A ratio looks like this: ratio = X/Y. The numerator is not
included in the denominator. Prevalence: The number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time. Prevalence can be as short as a day, which can be a useful measure when tracking outbreaks of influenza or measles. Incidence: Rate of development of a disease in a group over a certain time period; only those considered "at risk" should be included in the denominator. Rate: Rate is also expressed as a fraction but it involves a measure of time; in the example above, the measure of time would be 1 year. To determine the rate of death for women in Harris county from breast cancer, we would also need to know the total number of women living in Harris County at the midyear point. Crude death rate = # of deaths in a given year x 100,000 Either 1,000 or 100,000 are used as the multiplier Age-adjusted rate: Also called
"age standardization"; reduces the confounding effects of age
on morbidity and mortality rates. For example, the crude death rate
for the United States was 852.2 per 100,000 population in 1979.
It rose to 880.0 in 1995. However, the US population also saw an
increase in proportion of the number of older people. By using an
age-adjusted rate, the rate actually dropped from 577.0 per 100,000 to
503.9. References Friis, RH, and Sellers, TA. Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: AspenPub., 1999. Last updated 7/18/2005 |
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